Petroleum as Fuel for Fuel Cells (FCs)

Petroleum is made of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbon-based chemical compounds from sedimentary rock deposits around the planet. Crude petroleum, when refined, provides high-value liquid feeds, solvents, lubricants, and other products. Petroleum-based fuels make up almost one half of the energy supply in the world. Simple distillation is enough to make gasoline, diesel, aviation fuel and kerosene out of petroleum. How much is obtained, in terms of fractions, from the crude oil depends on the origin of the supply.

When fuel cells are considered, it is important to understand the physical and combustion characteristics of the fuel, as well as its chemical composition (it is this factor that determines the fuel processing type).

Different technologies have to be employed to convert the many fraction types of the petroleum into hydrogen for FCs. A special case is when the fuel is catalytically converted and generates various trace compounds that may be poisonous for the conversion catalysts and fuel cell stacks. In fossil fuels, the dominant trace compounds are of the organic type that contain sulphur, nitrogen or oxygen, and organo-metallic compounds (includes porphyrins).

Because the distribution of gasoline and diesel already has a well established infrastructure, there are good reasons for fuelling fuel cell vehicles (FCV) using a similar fuel. Studies, however, have shown that the efficiency of using gasoline in FCVs is nowhere near that of using pure hydrogen or even methanol. If such fuel is used in FCVs, it will most likely have a simpler chemical composition because there would be no need to add components for anti-knock or lubrication purposes.

Reference:

LARMINIE, James; DICKS, Andrew. Fuel Cell Systems Explained. 2. ed. West Sussex, England: Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2003. 418 p.

Comments

Photovoltaics: Band Diagram

In the previous post we discussed silicon, which is the most used material in photovoltaics. In this post, we introduce the band diagram, for which we will use silicon as an example. We will start our discussion of the band diagram with the Bohr model of the silicon atom. In semiconductor materials the outer shell of the atom, which is called the valence shell, is not completely filled. The outer shell of silicon contains 4 out of the possible 8 electrons, which we call valence electrons. As we discussed in the previous post, each silicon atom in a crystalline structure is bonded to four other silicon atoms. The bonds between the silicon atoms are called covalent bonds. These bonds actually consist of two valence electrons that are shared by two silicon atoms. All valence electrons are fixed in the lattice, forming covalent bonds, and are therefore immobile. However, at a temperature above absolute zero, thermal energy is supplied to these miconductor and some of the vale...

Watching videos on the Internet also harms the environment

Surprisingly, even the videos we watch on the Internet have an impact on the environment. A new report indicates that the internet is one of the top "villains" in the digital sector's carbon footprint, which now accounts for 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This share could double by 2025, leaving the digital sector on a par with road transport, as energy consumption in this sector is increasing at the rate of 9% per year. Published by the French research website The Shift Project, the report "Climate Crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video" quantifies the impact of Internet video (VoD, "tubes", pornography, social networks and others) on the environment and the global climate. The study shows that, within all Internet data, online videos account for about 60 percent of the stream, or the largest volume of greenhouse gas emissions in the industry, with about 300 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e). Of this total emission,...

I-V Characteristic of a Solar Cell

Now that we know a bit about the physical processes behind photovoltaic energy conversion, let’s take a look at the device that does this, a solar cell. In the next few posts, we will go deep into all the operating principles of solar cells. We will discuss the semiconductor physics and optics governing their behavior and you will really get a sense of how solar cells work. Nevertheless, let’s start by trying to understand an important aspect for any electrical component, the current-voltage or “i-V” characteristic of the solar cell. Here we see a basic solar cell schematic. There are many different components and layers and you will become familiar with the properties and purposes of all these layers throughout the blog. All you need to know for this post is that a solar cell can take energy from illumination, and convert it into electrical energy in an external circuit. This post’s objective is to answer ‘what’. You will need to go through the rest of the course to u...

The Environmental Engineering Hub

Search This Blog